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Squamish people
The Squamish people (or in the ''Squamish language (Sḵwx̱wú7mesh snichim)'' Skwxwú7mesh , sometimes seen in English as Skwxwu7mesh, historically transliterated as Sko-ko-mish) are an indigenous people in southwestern British Columbia, Canada.〔Squamish Nation "Skwxwu7mesh Snichim-Xweliten Snichim Skexwts / Squamish-English Dictionary", Published 2011. ISBN 0-295-99022-8〕〔This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.〕 In 2012, there was population of 3,893 band members registered with the Squamish Nation.〔(Registered Population, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development. ) Retrieved February 2012.〕 Their language is the Squamish language or ''Sḵwx̱wú7mesh snichim'', considered a part of the Coast Salish languages,〔(Jacobs, Peter "Control in Sḵwx̱wú7mesh" ), University of British Columbia. PhD Thesis. p VI.〕 and is categorized as nearly extinct with just 10 fluent speakers as of 2010. The traditional territory covered Point Grey as the southern border. From here, it continued northward to Roberts Creek on the Sunshine Coast, up the Howe Sound. The northern part included the Squamish, Cheakamus, Elaho and Mamquam rivers. Up the Cheakamus River it included land past Whistler, British Columbia. The southern and eastern part of their territory includes Indian Arm, along Burrard Inlet, through False Creek then English Bay and Point Grey.〔(Jacobs, Peter 'Control in Sḵwx̱wú7mesh'' ), University of British Columbia. PhD Thesis. p VI.〕〔(Reimer, Rudy (Yumks) The Mountains and Rocks are Forever: Lithics and Landscapes of Skwxwú7mesh Uxwumixw ). McMaster University. PhD Thesis. p34.〕 Today the Squamish people live mostly in seven communities, located in West Vancouver, North Vancouver, and within and nearby to the District of Squamish.
The Squamish people’s history, culture, societal customs, and other knowledge was transmitted by oral tradition from generation to generation without a writing system. Today oral tradition continues to be a fundamental aspect of their traditional culture.〔(Reimer, Rudy (Yumks) The Mountains and Rocks are Forever: Lithics and Landscapes of Skwxwú7mesh Uxwumixw ). McMaster University. PhD Thesis. p28-29.〕 This continued until European contact and diseases in 1791, causing drastic changes to begin to the people and culture.〔Little, Gary. (George Vancouver 1757–2007: 250th Birth Anniversary, Survey of the Southwest Coast of BC, June 1792 )〕 Charles Hill-Tout became the first European to document Squamish oral history in the early 1900s. Later, many anthropologists and linguists came to work with Squamish informants and elders to document Squamish culture and history. Although first recorded contact with Europeans happened with George Vancouver and José María Narváez in 1791–1792 disease had devastated much of the population before in the 1770s.〔(Smallpox epidemic ravages Native Americans on the northwest coast of North America in the 1770s )〕 For decades following, more diseases, including influenza, reduced the population significantly. Along with the influx of new foreigners, usurpation of their ancestral lands, and later policies of assimilation by the Canadian government, caused a significant shift in their culture, way of life, and society.
==History==
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